International scientific teams that arrived to deal with these highly. List of books and articles about ebola online research. Introduction current outbreak of ebola virus ebov in west africa can be described as most severe public health emergency in modern times 1. Despite investigators considerable effort, the ecology of the filoviruses remains arguably as obscure today as it was after. Ebola characteristics and comparisons to other infectious diseases the current outbreak of ebola virus in west africa has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the world health organization who and is the most severe such outbreak of ebola to date. The emerging infectious diseases journal has published many articles on ebola. The infection typically affects multiple organs in. Author summary the largest ebola epidemic occurred in west africa between 20 and 2016. Journal of metallomics and nanotechnologies 2015, 1, 4852 figure 1. A humanitarian response to the west african ebola virus. Pdf ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly ailments known to mankind due to its high mortality rate up. Four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to africa. Over the past 40 years, more than 20 outbreaks have occurred in africa, with most of the known outbreaks occurring in the past 20 years. Located on the atlantic coast of west africa, guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of evd has occurred, leaving.
The number of potential cases ranges from thousands to millions with mortality rate up to 74% 2. The journal of infectious diseases, volume 221, issue 5, 1 march 2020, pages 701706. Viruses free fulltext modeling challenges of ebola virus. To view the complete and current version, please refer to the ebola virus infection topic on the bmj best practice website. Chughtai, helping to solve the primary question of whats next and aiding in.
Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Marburg virus is the only other member of this group known to cause human infection. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. Ebola virus disease evd general information what is ebola virus disease. Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic of. Ebola virus american veterinary medical association. The american society for virology asv, the spanish society for virology sev, the canadian society for virology csv, the italian society for virology sivisv, the australasian virology society avs and more societies are affiliated with viruses and their members. In the height of the ebola outbreak survivors were increasingly included in the treatment and care of patients and in health sensitizing and social mobilisation efforts. Several outbreaks have been reported, often related to animal exposure in mines or caves. There is also a secreted glycoprotein sgp that interferes with signaling pmns and hence contributes to immune invasion.
Early detection, rapid patient isolation, contact tracing, and the ongoing vaccination programme should sufficiently control the outbreak. Pmc free article johnson km, lange jv, webb pa, murphy fa. Examples of these viruses include filoviruses ebola, marburg, henipaviruses nipah, hendra, lassa virus, lujo virus, south american hemorrhagic fever viruses. Ebola virus disease list of high impact articles ppts.
An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before. Ebola virus and public health volume 9 issue 1 charles w. The forecast of the number of cases does not exceed the current capacity to respond if the. Journal of the american veterinary medical association javma. The center for disease control and prevention cdcus and the who have recommended that infected individuals should be quarantined for 21 days. The authors analyzed changes in the viral sequence and conclude that the current outbreak probably resulted from. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population, transmission occurs primarily through contact with infected body fluids and can result in major epidemics in underresourced settings. Ebola virus is one of the most virulent pathogens known to infect humans. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, often fatal, viral disease. The first cases of ebola virus infection were reported in zaire now known as the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. Journal of american physicians and surgeons volume 19 number 4 winter 2014 101 abstract the ebola virus ebov is the cause of an emerging disease that may be harbored across a much larger geographic range then previously assumed. Evd is a severe contagious disease affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Ebolaviruses belong to the genus ebolavirus of the family filoviridae in the order. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in zaire.
The 20142016 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was of unprecedented magnitude with a total of 28,616 suspected, probable, and confirmed cases reported in guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. This fact sheet sets out the recommendations of the comite sur les infections nosocomiales du quebec cinq2 for ebola virus disease prevention and control measures for quebec hospitals. Zebovgp ebola vaccine during the sierra leone trial to introduce a vaccine against ebola. Journal articles, who bulletin editorials, commentaries on ebola. Mathematical modeling of ebola virus disease in bat population. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Current inhost mathematical models simplify ebov infection by assuming a single homogeneous.
The ongoing ebola virus outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo has similar epidemiological features to previous ebola virus disease outbreaks. The genus ebolavirus is composed of singlestranded, enveloped, filamentous rna viruses, that, together with the marburgvirus genus, comprise the family filoviridae. Ebola virus ebov has now been around for almost 50 years. The new england journal of medicine n engl j med 375. The person remains infectious as long as the virus is present in their blood. The past year has marked the most devastating ebola outbreak the world has ever witnessed, with over 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths. Current outbreak is the largest in the history, since discovery of. Ebola virus disease has a fatality rate of 50% to 90%. The macroeconomic impact of the ebola virus disease 37 3. The virus, named for the region in congo kinshasa where it was first identified in 1976, emerged from the rain forest, where it survives in as yet unconfirmed hosts, possibly several species of fruit bats but potentially other mammal species. Ebola virus caused an epidemic of unprecedented extension in west africa. Several patients diagnosed with ebola virus disease in africa have been evacuated to the united states for. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. Pdf ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%.
It has been nearly 30 years since ebola virus was identified during 2 outbreaks in the democratic republic of congo drc and sudan 1, 2, and it has been closer to 40 years since marburg virus, the first identified member of the filovirus family, was discovered 3, 4. The ebola virus ebov causes severe human infection that lacks effective treatment. Ebola virus disease in the democratic republic of congo nejm. The authors analyzed changes in the viral sequence and conclude that the current. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. Ebolaviruses are pathogenic agents associated with a severe, potentially fatal, systemic disease in man and great apes. A mouseadapted strain of ebola virus maebov does not cause hemorrhagic syndrome despite causing lethal disease in laboratory mice, and it cannot be used effectively to study ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf pathogenesis, because the dissimilarity to human disease limits the ability to identify key correlates of viral pathogenesis or accurately assess the effect of vaccines or therapeutics.
The recent epidemic of ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic viral disease began in guinea in december 20. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. The transmission process is modeled by two general incidence. These viruses cause a disease characterised by systemic viral replication. A systematic screen of fdaapproved drugs was performed to identify compounds with in vitro antiviral activities against ebola virus ebov. Mathematical modeling of ebola virus ebovhost dynamics during infection and treatment in vivo is in its infancy due to few studies with frequent viral kinetic data, lack of approved antiviral therapies, and limited insight into the timing of ebov infection of cells and tissues throughout the body. The present large outbreak of ebov illustrates how an emerging disease may start and spread, the. Latest studies have shown that ebola virus transmission occurs when there is a high viral load of bodily fluids. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Ebola virus disease evd news, resources and funding for global health researchers ebola hemorrhagic fever is an acute viral disease that often leads to severe illness and death in humans and other primates. Pdf ebola virus is transmitted to people as a result of direct contact with body fluids containing virus of an. On 23 march 2014, the world health organization issued its first communique on a new outbreak of ebola virus disease evd, which began in december 20 in guinee forestiere forested guinea, the eastern sector of the republic of guinea. Scientists report longlasting symptoms and evidence of virus s presence in semen 18 months after recovery money donated to stockpile leading ebola. A randomized, controlled trial of ebola virus disease.
Many scientific researches have demonstrated that bats can survive ebola virus and they represent natural reservoirs of this zoonotic virus. The journal published its first ebola article in 1995, volume 1, issue number 3. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. Ebola virus disease, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment. Although low, the threat of importing ebola virus disease cannot be excluded. Ebola virus disease associated sequelae and lateonset complications musculoskeletal disorders, diffuse pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome. Evaluation of ebola virus inhibitors for drug repurposing. Articles, editorial and commentaries related to ebola virus disease.
Liberia was one of the most affected countries with more than 1500 survivors registered. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. Modeling challenges of ebola virushost dynamics during. After march 23, 2014, the world health organization who became involved when notified of the scope of the problem. Computeraided discovery and characterization of novel ebola. Ebola virus ecology the journal of infectious diseases. By august 17, 2014, the who declared the epidemic an international crisis. There was concern that the outbreak would not be controlled for a prolonged period. An outbreak of ebola virus disease1 has been ongoing in west africa since march 2014. In this study, 27 ebola virus strains with complete glycoprotein genes, including five species zaire, sudan, reston, tai forest, bundibugyo, were analysed. However, on the basis of evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animalborne and that bats are the most likely reservoir. Here, we propose a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of ebola virus which will be helpful. In response to the world health organizations recent announcement declaring the ebola outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo as a public health emergency, clinical infectious diseases, the journal of infectious diseases and open forum infectious diseases have compiled a collection of articles about this virus. The incubation period of ebola virus is 221 days after infection.
It has been isolated from bats and causes a similar syndrome to ebola virus infection. Archives of clinical microbiology, journal of infectious diseases and treatment, medical mycology. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty.
The high rate of mortality in the current ebola epidemic has made it difficult for researchers to collect samples of the virus and study its evolution. In march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. In this study, we develop a generalized epizootic model for the transmission dynamics of ebola virus disease evd in bat population by taking into account the environment contamination. In 2017, a small outbreak of ebola virus disease occurred in the democratic. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Antigens may be detectable by these techniques prior to the. The natural reservoir host of ebola virus remains unknown. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with. Ebola virus disease aetiology of ebola virus disease ebola virus disease evd is also known as ebola haemorrhagic fever. The international humanitarian community utilized its expertise in rapid response and scale up in emergency situations to manage a threat different from the more common humanitarian.
Since the initial discovery of zaire and sudan ebola virus in 1976, the ebola viruses have been responsible for severe hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. The death of an international traveler diagnosed in the u. The continued spread is facilitated by insufficient medical facilities, poor sanitation, travel, and unsafe burial practices. Genomic surveillance elucidates ebola virus origin. Pets of ebola virus disease contacts pdf interim guidance. Ebola virus disease journal of the american physicians and.
Ebola characteristics and comparisons to other infectious. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. Ebola virus disease is a severe, oftenfatal, zoonotic viral disease in humans and. Current inhost mathematical models simplify ebov infection by assuming a single. Ebola ebola virus disease ebola ebola virus disease fact sheet. Both tests are intended for the pre sumptive identification of ebola virus in patients with signs and symptoms of ebola virus infection and.
It is otherwise called as ebola haemorrhagic fever which is deadly virus that causes inside and outside bleeding in the body. Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus. In august 2018, an outbreak of ebola virus disease evd began in the provinces of north kivu and ituri in the democratic republic of congo drc. The seventh reported outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in the equatorial african country of the democratic republic of congo drc began on july 26, 2014, as another large. Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body as the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune. Four species of ebolaviruses have been identified in west or equatorial africa. Compounds active 50% viral inhibition and feb 08, 2020 an association between malaria and risk for death among patients with ebola virus disease has suggested withinhost interactions between plasmodium falciparum parasites and ebola virus. A recent screen identified a series of compounds that block ebovlike particle entry into human cells. To determine whether such an interaction might also influence the probability of acquiring either infection, we used a large snapshot surveillance study from. The emerging viruses section of virology journal includes studies covering all aspects of new and reemerging viruses that cause severe andor lethal diseases in humans and animals. In the late 1970s, the international community was again startled, this time by the discovery of ebola virus as the causative agent of major outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in the democratic republic of the congo drc and sudan. As of november 14, 2014, the world health organization has reported a total of 21,296 ebola virus disease evd.
Using data from this screen, quantitative structureactivity relationship models were built and employed for virtual screening of a. We explore and discuss selective pressures that drive the evolution of different ebola. August 2016 the new england journal of medicine article on the scale and growth of the epidemic, origins of human infection in west africa, the effect of interventions, and preparation for future outbreaks. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic.
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